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JEH Quiz #5 (March 2008)

Featured Article:
“Determination of the Feasibility of Using a Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) Analyzer in the Field for Measuring the Lead Content of Sieved Soil”

Questions compiled by co-authors

Andrea M. Markey, M.S. and Scott Clark, Ph.D., C.I.H.

Available to NEHA members only, the JEH Quiz, offered six times per calendar year through the Journal of Environmental Health, is a convenient tool for self-assessment and an easily accessible means to accumulate continuing-education (CE) credits toward maintaining your NEHA credentials.

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Read the featured article in the Journal.
Select the correct answer to each JEH Quiz question and click on the Submit button at the bottom of the page.
One CE credit will be applied to your account with an effective date of March 1, 2008 (first day of issue).
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Quiz deadline: June 1, 2008

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1.	U.S. EPA has established the following limits for lead in soil to which children may be exposed:
	a.	600 ppm in bare soil in residential areas.
	b.	400 ppm in bare soil in play areas and 1,200 ppm in bare soil in other residential areas.
	c.	1,000 ppm in all residential areas.
	d.	400 ppm to 1,200 ppm depending on how many children have access to the soil area.
	e.	400 ppm in play areas and 1,200 ppm in other residential areas.
2.	Some portable X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analyzers are able to measure lead in soil.
	a.	True.
	b.	False.
3.	This paper provided evidence that portable XRF analyzers could be used in the field to obtain results comparable to those obtained with flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (FAAS)
	a.	when soil saturation levels were less than 65 percent.
	b.	when the source of the lead in the soil was lead-based paint.
	c.	when soil moisture levels were less than 90 percent.
	d.	provided that a licensed lead inspector performed the testing.
	e.	only when lead concentrations were less than 800 ppm according to FAAS.
4.	Although there was a strong statistical correlation between soil lead concentration results from the XRF instrument and FAAS, the XRF values tended to be lower than those from FAAS.
	a.	True.
	b.	False.
5.	A major advantage of analyzing soil samples at the location where they are collected is that results can be conveyed at that time to those concerned.
	a.	True.
	b.	False.
6.	The goal of the study was to determine the practicality of using a field-portable XRF analyzer for the analysis of lead in soil that was sieved in the field.
	a.	True.
	b.	False.
7.	A NIOSH method has been developed for the analysis of lead in air by field-portable XRF analyzers.
	a.	True.
	b.	False.
8.	This paper provided evidence that collection, processing, and analysis of soil samples could be performed by a single person
	a.	under all summer-time conditions encountered.
	b.	when the number of children/adults present from the home was no more than two.
	c.	when soil concentrations were less than 5,000 ppm.
	d.	none of the above.
	e.	a, b, and c.
9.	Children are more vulnerable to the toxic effects of lead because
	a.	their nervous systems are developing.
	b.	they ingest more lead because of more frequent hand to mouth activity.
	c.	they absorb more of the lead intake.
	d.	a and b.
	e.	a, b, and c.
10.	In this study, the units of measurement for lead in soil are in milligrams of lead per square centimeter.
	a.	True.
	b.	False.
11.	The manuscript mentions the following as a possible limitation of the study:
	a.	The XRF instrument can detect lead only from atmospheric fallout from the use of lead-containing gasoline.
	b.	The XRF analyzer used in the study was not of a type that is commercially available.
	c.	The radiation source used in the XRF analyzer is too strong to allow its use in residential environments.
	d.	An unknown portion of the sample was lost when the sample was dried with paper towels.
	e.	a and c.
12.	The soil samples collected by the authors’ study were composed of
	a.	a soil column 1 foot (30 cm) deep.
	b.	five subsamples that were each 6 inches (15 cm) deep.
	c.	a single sample 1-inch deep from the center of the area of concern.
	d.	a composite of 5 subsamples that were each 1 inch deep.
	e.	a composite of 10 samples that were each 1 inch deep.